Osteoporosis Specialist

Introduction – Osteoporosis Specialist in Montgomery County, Maryland

As an osteoporosis specialist in Montgomery County, I am dedicated to providing specialized care to individuals facing osteoporosis in a comprehensive and evidence-based manner.

My practice, located in Rockville, offers both virtual and in-person services, reaching individuals in nearby areas such as Chevy Chase, Bethesda, North Bethesda, Potomac, North Potomac, Gaithersburg, Germantown, Frederick, Silver Spring, Northern Virginia, and Western Maryland for comprehensive support.

My objective is to optimize the health and quality of life of our community members through tailored and integrative approaches to osteoporosis management.

Bone Physiology and Regulation

Bone physiology is a dynamic process that involves a delicate interplay of cells, minerals, and hormones. Maintaining strong and healthy bones throughout life relies on the delicate balance between resorption (bone breakdown) and synthesis (bone formation). The key factors contributing to bone homeostasis are outlined below.

  • Bone Composition: Bones consist of a matrix (collagen fibers) filled with minerals, primarily calcium and phosphate. The intertwining of collagen fibers with minerals provides bones with both flexibility and strength.
  • Bone Remodeling: This is the continuous adjustment of bone to maintain its proper structure and function. Osteoclasts are specialized bone cells that break down old or damaged bone in a process called resorption. Osteoblasts, in turn, deposit new bone tissue where the old one was removed by osteoclasts. This activity is known as bone formation or synthesis.
  • Hormonal Regulation: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) play crucial roles in maintaining bone health. Calcitonin regulates calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity, while PTH stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into the bloodstream. Additionally, estrogen and testosterone are pivotal hormones in bone physiology, as evident in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in male patients with low testosterone levels.
  • Calcium Homeostasis: Maintaining a balance of calcium in the blood is vital for bone health and overall bodily functions. Bones act as a reservoir, storing or releasing calcium based on the body’s needs.
  • Physical Activity: Weight-bearing exercises stimulate bone formation by subjecting bones to mechanical stress. This stress encourages osteoblasts to build and strengthen bone, thereby enhancing density and resilience.

Definition, Prevalence, and Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Definition: Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by weakened and porous bones, increasing the risk of fractures. It stems from a loss of bone density, rendering bones brittle and susceptible to breaks. The technical definition or diagnosis of osteoporosis is detailed in a different section.

Prevalence: The occurrence of osteoporosis varies globally. In the United States, an estimated 10 million people have osteoporosis, and an additional 44 million have osteopenia (pre-osteoporosis). Worldwide, osteoporotic fractures occur in 33% of women and 20% of men over the age of 50, highlighting the significant impact of this condition on public health.

Symptoms: Osteoporosis often progresses without noticeable symptoms until fractures occur, emphasizing the importance of early detection and preventive measures. When symptoms manifest, they typically signify an advanced and severe stage, such as back pain, height loss, and a stooped posture.

Two types of osteoporosis: primary and secondary

Primary Osteoporosis:

Primary osteoporosis refers to the natural bone loss that occurs as a part of aging and is not directly related to other underlying health conditions. There are two key subcategories of primary osteoporosis:

  • Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: This is the most prevalent form of primary osteoporosis that impacts women after menopause. With the decline in estrogen levels, bones undergo accelerated loss in density, leading to weakening and porosity. This heightened fragility increases the risk of fractures, particularly in the hip, spine, and wrist.
  • Age-Related (Senile) Osteoporosis: This condition is a subtype of primary osteoporosis that impacts both men and women as they age, typically occurring after the age of 70. Unlike postmenopausal osteoporosis, which is specifically linked to estrogen loss in women after menopause, senile osteoporosis is directly connected to the natural aging process. It increases the risk of fractures, especially in weight-bearing bones such as the hip and spine.

Secondary Osteoporosis:

Secondary osteoporosis develops as a result of specific medical conditions or medications, in contrast to the natural aging process that defines primary osteoporosis. Some common factors contributing to secondary osteoporosis include:

  • Endocrine or Hormonal Disorders:
    • Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland is characterized by the excessive production of thyroid hormones, which can lead to increased bone turnover. This, in turn, may result in bone loss, elevating the risk of developing osteoporosis.
    • Hyperparathyroidism: Overactive parathyroid glands can cause persistently high PTH levels. Consequently, this may lead to an elevated release of calcium from the bones, resulting in bone loss.
    • Cushing’s Syndrome: Excessive production of cortisol, often resulting from the prolonged use of corticosteroid medications or adrenal gland disorders, can lead to bone loss. Cortisol impacts bone density in two ways: it reduces bone formation and promotes bone loss.
    • Hypogonadism: Reduced production of sex hormones, especially estrogen in women and testosterone in men, can lead to bone loss. This is commonly observed in conditions such as premature menopause (due to ovarian dysfunction or resection) and low testosterone levels in male hypogonadism.
    • Diabetes: People with diabetes may face an elevated risk of osteoporosis. The reasons for this association are complex and may involve factors such as insulin deficiency, resistance, and ongoing inflammation.
  • Medical Conditions: Chronic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal surgery, and chronic kidney disease, may result in bone loss.
  • Medications: Some medications, especially when used for an extended period, such as glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone, methylprednisolone), anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, primidone, and valproic acid), and certain cancer treatments like GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin) and aromatase inhibitors (e.g., Anastrozole, Exemestane, Letrozole), may contribute to a decrease in bone density.
  • Nutritional Deficiencies: Insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D may contribute to osteoporosis. In rare cases, profound deficiencies in vitamin C, amino acids, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin K can also result in secondary osteoporosis.

The management of secondary osteoporosis should not only involve standard osteoporosis treatments but also address the underlying or root cause. This means specifically treating the primary medical condition, adjusting culprit medications, and ensuring adequate nutritional and hormonal balance to support bone health.

Complications of Osteoporosis

As mentioned earlier, osteoporosis is characterized by weakened and fragile bones susceptible to fractures. Short-term and long-term complications associated with osteoporosis include:

  • Fractures: This is by far the most common complication of osteoporosis, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. Osteoporotic fractures can occur with minimal trauma and have significant consequences for a person’s mobility and quality of life.
  • Kyphosis: Vertebral (spinal) compression fractures due to osteoporosis can lead to a stooped or hunched posture known as kyphosis. This, in turn, can result in chronic pain and reduced height.
  • Decreased Quality of Life: Chronic pain and the fear of fractures can contribute to a reduced quality of life. Individuals with osteoporosis may become less active and more socially isolated due to concerns about falling and experiencing fractures.
  • Limited Mobility: Fractures, especially in the hip, can severely limit mobility. This limitation can lead to a loss of independence and increased reliance on others for daily activities.
  • Increased Mortality: Severe fractures, particularly hip fractures, are associated with an elevated risk of mortality, especially in older adults. Complications such as pneumonia and blood clots can arise during the recovery period and contribute to a higher mortality rate.
  • Spinal Cord Compression: Osteoporotic spine fractures may result in one or several nerve compressions that can lead to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and weakness in the limbs. In severe cases, it can cause difficulty in walking and loss of bowel or bladder control.
  • Hospitalization: Fractures often require hospitalization, surgery, or prolonged bed rest for recovery. Hospital stays and medical interventions can pose additional risks, especially for older individuals.
  • Economic Burden: Osteoporosis-related fractures can place a significant economic burden on individuals and healthcare systems due to medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, and potential long-term care needs. The societal cost of osteoporosis is projected to reach $25 billion annually by 2025.

Evaluation & Classification of Osteoporosis

DEXA Scan:

A Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is the most common method for diagnosing osteoporosis. It measures bone mineral density (BMD), indicating bone strength. DEXA scans are typically performed at two main sites: the hip and the lumbar spine, chosen because they are common sites for osteoporotic fractures. The results are reported in T-scores or Z-scores.

  • T-Score: This score compares an individual’s bone density to that of a healthy young adult (between ages 25 and 35) of the same sex. A T-score of -1 and above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (pre-osteoporosis), and a T-score of -2.5 and below indicates osteoporosis.
  • Z-Score: This score compares an individual’s bone density to that of age and sex-matched peers. A Z-score significantly below the expected range may suggest secondary causes of bone loss.

The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes osteoporosis based on T-scores as follows:

  • Normal: T-score above -1.
  • Osteopenia (pre-osteoporosis): T-score between -1 and -2.5.
  • Osteoporosis: T-score -2.5 or lower.
  • Severe Osteoporosis: T-score -2.5 or lower with the presence of one or more fragility fractures.

Blood and Urine Testing:

Blood and urine evaluations play a crucial role, especially in the diagnosis and management of secondary osteoporosis. Below is an overview of the key laboratory tests:

  • Markers of Bone Turnover:
    • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Elevated levels may indicate increased bone formation.
    • Type 1 Collagen Breakdown Products (e.g., CTX and NTX): These serum or urine markers assess bone resorption. Elevated levels may suggest increased bone breakdown.
  • Calcium and Phosphorus: 
    • Calcium: Abnormalities in calcium levels can impact bone health. Low calcium levels might lead to increased bone resorption.
    • Phosphorus: Imbalances in phosphorus levels can affect bone mineralization.
  • Vitamin D: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is essential for intestinal calcium absorption and bone health. Low levels can lead to bone loss.
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): PTH regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Elevated PTH levels may indicate underlying causes of bone loss. Primary hyperparathyroidism would be an example.
  • 24-Hour Urinary Calcium: A full-day urine collection helps assess the amount of calcium excreted in urine. High levels may suggest increased bone loss.

Lifestyle Changes are Essential

Lifestyle therapy for osteoporosis involves weight-bearing exercises, such as walking or weight training, to enhance bone density and strength. Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D through a balanced diet or supplements is crucial for bone health. Smoking cessation and limiting alcohol consumption are recommended, as they can negatively impact bone density.

Fall prevention strategies, such as maintaining a clutter-free environment and addressing vision issues, help reduce the risk of fractures. Lifestyle modifications, combined with regular medical check-ups, contribute to a holistic approach in managing osteoporosis and promoting overall bone well-being.

Medications for Osteoporosis

Several medications are available for treating osteoporosis. These medications aim to increase bone density, reduce the risk of fractures, and enhance overall bone health. The choice of medication depends on factors; such as the individual’s risk profile, underlying causes of osteoporosis, and potential side effects. Common classes of osteoporosis medications include:

1. Bisphosphonates:

These drugs, typically considered first-line therapy, work by hindering bone breakdown, thus preserving bone density. Bisphosphonates selectively bind to the bone surface, where they are taken up by osteoclasts—the cells responsible for direct bone fragmentation during the normal bone remodeling process.

Bisphosphonates are usually administered by mouth on a weekly or monthly basis. In the case of Zoledronic acid, they are given through an annual intravenous infusion. These drugs are effective in reducing the risk of fractures, especially in the spine and hip. Examples of bisphosphonates are listed below:

  • Alendronate (Fosamax): Usually taken orally once a week or once a day.
  • Risedronate (Actonel): Typically taken orally once a week or once a month.
  • Ibandronate (Boniva): Administered orally once a month or intravenously every three months.
  • Zoledronic acid (Reclast): Given annually via an intravenous infusion.

2. RANKL Inhibitor:

Denosumab (Prolia) is a monoclonal antibody administered through a subcutaneous injection every six months. Its mechanism involves inhibiting RANKL, a protein that stimulates osteoclast activity, thus preventing bone breakdown. By slowing down bone disintegration, denosumab enhances bone density and reduces the risk of fractures. It serves as an alternative for individuals who cannot tolerate or have contraindications to bisphosphonates.

3. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERMs):

An example of SERMs for osteoporosis treatment is Raloxifene. Unlike estrogen, SERMs selectively exert estrogen-like effects on bones, heart, and blood clotting but have an anti-estrogen effect on breasts and the uterus. By mimicking the positive impact of estrogen on bone density, SERMs help prevent bone loss.

Raloxifene has been shown to lower the probability of fractures, especially in the spine. They are distinctly beneficial for postmenopausal women who are also interested in reducing the risk of breast cancer or improving the lipid profile. While offering bone protection, SERMs may not be suitable for individuals with a history of blood clots or advanced symptoms of hot flashes.

4. Anabolic Agents:

Teriparatide (Forteo) and abaloparatide (Tymlos) are medications used to treat osteoporosis by stimulating bone formation. Both have a PTH-like structure and function and are administered through daily subcutaneous injections. They enhance osteoblast activity, leading to increased bone formation and improved bone density. These anabolic agents are typically reserved for individuals at high risk of fractures who have not responded well to other treatments. While effective in increasing bone mass, their use is generally limited to a short duration of two years due to concerns about long-term safety. Regular medical monitoring and discussions with an osteoporosis specialist are essential when considering teriparatide or abaloparatide for bone fracture prevention.

Romosozumab (Evenity) is a monoclonal antibody used to treat osteoporosis. Unlike traditional medications, romosozumab has a dual effect on bone health—it stimulates bone formation by promoting osteoblast activity and inhibits bone resorption by reducing osteoclast function. Administered through monthly subcutaneous injections, romosozumab has been shown to increase bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fractures, especially in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. However, due to potential cardiovascular risks, it is generally recommended for those at high fracture risk who have not responded to other treatments. Regular monitoring and consultation with an osteoporosis specialist are crucial when considering romosozumab, ensuring that potential benefits align with the individual’s health profile.

Patient Follow Up 

Regular follow-up for osteoporosis patients is essential for effective management. Periodic DEXA scans, typically performed every 1-2 years, assess changes in bone density, guiding treatment adjustments. Exercise, especially weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening activities, is critical for bone health and should be encouraged. Monitoring and optimizing vitamin D and calcium intake are paramount; maintaining adequate levels supports bone strength. Additionally, assessing labs such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphorus, and calcium levels in blood and urine helps identify potential secondary causes of bone loss. These comprehensive evaluations ensure a tailored approach to treatment. Regular communication with an osteoporosis specialist is essential to address evolving needs, adjust therapies, and minimize fracture risks, promoting a proactive and individualized osteoporosis management strategy.

Summary

As a specialist in osteoporosis in Rockville, my commitment is centered on delivering expert care to individuals dealing with this condition. Employing a holistic approach backed by medical evidence and clinical experience, I aim to enhance the overall well-being of my patients by providing personalized therapies. My ultimate goal is to optimize the health and quality of life for community members facing osteoporosis.

Dr. Tashko

Dr. Tashko serves as a board-certified specialist in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, located in Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland. With extensive training and expertise in these fields, Dr. Tashko plays a pivotal role in providing comprehensive medical care to patients grappling with endocrine disorders, diabetes, and metabolic conditions. Their dedication to staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in medical research and treatment options equips them to offer the highest standard of care. Patients who seek Dr. Tashko's expertise benefit from their in-depth understanding of the intricate hormonal systems regulating various bodily functions. Dr. Tashko works collaboratively with patients to diagnose, manage, and treat a diverse range of conditions, including thyroid disorders, hormonal imbalances, and diabetes complications. Their compassionate approach, coupled with their ability to explain complex medical concepts in simple terms, fosters a strong patient-doctor relationship. Dr. Tashko's practice goes beyond symptom management; they emphasize patient education and empowerment, enabling individuals to actively participate in their healthcare journey. By tailoring treatment plans to each patient's unique needs, lifestyle, and preferences, Dr. Tashko ensures a holistic and patient-centered approach to care. Their commitment to improving patients' quality of life and overall well-being is evident in their personalized and empathetic approach to medicine. In Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland, Dr. Tashko stands out as a respected endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism specialist who combines medical excellence with a patient-centric philosophy. Their unwavering dedication to advancing the field and delivering compassionate care cements their role as a trusted expert in the community.